In these studies, satiety was assessed using rating scales in one case, subsequent intake was also assessed by food diaries ( Mattes, 2005). Fruit is particularly useful for investigating the effects of food form on satiety, because it is frequently consumed as part of a meal, and is readily available in different forms (solid, pureed, and juice).Ī few studies have found that consuming fruit (apples, oranges, and grapes) leads to a greater reduction in hunger ratings than consuming the same amount of fruit juice ( Bolton et al., 1981 Haber et al., 1977 Mattes, 2005). While the literature on this topic is inconclusive ( Bolton, Heaton, & Burroughs, 1981 DiMeglio & Mattes, 2000 Haber, Heaton, Murphy, & Burroughs, 1977 Kissileff, Gruss, Thornton, & Jordan, 1984 Rolls, Fedoroff, Guthrie, & Laster, 1990), several studies have suggested that solid foods have a greater effect on satiety than liquids consumed as beverages ( Bolton et al., 1981 DiMeglio & Mattes, 2000 Haber et al., 1977). One strategy that may affect energy intake is changing the form in which food is consumed (solid, pureed, or liquid). Identifying strategies to reduce energy intake and enhance satiety at meals is important for effective weight management. These results suggest that solid fruit affects satiety more than pureed fruit or juice, and that eating fruit at the start of a meal can reduce energy intake. Adding naturally occurring levels of fiber to juice did not enhance satiety. Overall, whole apple increased satiety more than applesauce or apple juice. Results showed that eating apple reduced lunch energy intake (preload + test meal) by 15% (187 ± 36 kcal ) compared to control ( p applesauce > both juices > control). Once a week for 5 weeks, 58 adults consumed one of four preloads (266 g 125 kcal ), or no preload (control), followed by a test meal consumed ad libitum 15 min later.

Preloads were matched for weight, energy content, energy density, and ingestion rate. This study tested how consuming preloads of apples in different forms prior to a meal (apple, applesauce, and apple juice with and without added fiber) influences satiety and energy intake at meal.

Consuming whole fruit reduces ratings of satiety more than fruit juice, but little is known about the effects of different forms of fruit on subsequent energy intake.

Drinking apple juice increase size